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Conditions

Urology · Cancer care

Testicular cancer

Understand the assessment of a testicular tumour, care options and fertility questions to discuss with your medical team.

Editorial publication · Medical review pending.

Understand

This cancer develops in a testicle, an organ that produces sperm and testosterone. This page mainly covers germ-cell tumours, which arise from cells that give rise to sperm: seminomas and non-seminomas. This distinction helps guide care.

Possible symptoms

A lump, swelling or a feeling of heaviness may develop. Discomfort or pain is possible. These signs also have other causes.

Causes and associated factors

A history of an undescended testicle, previous testicular cancer, or a father or brother with this cancer increases risk. The exact cause is not always known. Having a risk factor does not mean this cancer will develop.

Diagnosis

Clinical examination and ultrasound guide assessment. When cancer is strongly suspected, the affected testicle is usually removed through a groin incision. Examination of the tissue confirms the diagnosis and identifies the tumour type; this operation is also a treatment.

Tests

Ultrasound examines both testicles. Blood markers AFP, hCG and LDH contribute to assessment; normal levels do not rule out cancer. CT may check for spread beyond the testicle. The team interprets imaging, markers and tissue findings together.

Course of the condition

Follow-up depends on the tumour type, its extent and treatments received. Appointments, blood markers and imaging check for recurrence. Follow-up also considers late treatment effects, on a schedule adapted to your situation.

Care options

After surgery, some situations allow active surveillance with scheduled checks. Others require chemotherapy, further surgery or, for selected seminomas, radiotherapy. Choices depend on the assessment and are discussed with you. Discuss sperm banking before treatment: fertility can be affected. The team can also discuss a testicular prosthesis and offer support with body image and sexual well-being.

When to consult

Have a new lump or change in a testicle examined, even without pain. Do not wait for pain to develop before seeking care.

Urgent help

Sudden, severe testicular pain needs immediate medical help, particularly with nausea or vomiting. It may be testicular torsion, an emergency separate from cancer. Contact emergency services without waiting for a routine appointment.

Questions for your doctor

  • What type of tumour is it, and has it spread?
  • What do my blood markers mean?
  • Why is surveillance or additional treatment being proposed?
  • When should we arrange sperm banking and discuss effects on my intimate life?
  • What follow-up is planned, and who should I contact about a new symptom?

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A procedure linked to a condition does not establish an indication for your individual situation.

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