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Conditions

Gynecology · Cancer care

Cervical cancer

Understand the signs, diagnostic steps and care choices for cervical cancer.

Editorial publication · Medical review pending.

Understand

This cancer develops in cells of the cervix, the lower part of the womb that opens into the vagina. Precancerous changes may come before invasive cancer, but they are not themselves invasive cancer.

Possible symptoms

There may be no symptoms at first. Unusual bleeding, including after sex, between periods or after menopause, a change in vaginal discharge, pain during sex or pelvic pain can occur. These signs also have other causes.

Causes and associated factors

The main cause is persistent infection with certain high-risk types of human papillomavirus (HPV). HPV infection is common and often clears by itself: a positive test does not mean that you have cancer. Smoking and a weakened immune system may increase risk.

Diagnosis

Screening looks for HPV or cell changes before cancer develops; it does not replace assessment of symptoms. Depending on the situation, a pelvic examination and colposcopy are performed. Only examination of a tissue sample can confirm cancer.

Tests

After confirmation, examination and imaging such as MRI, CT or PET may assess the size and any spread. The team selects useful tests according to the findings; not everyone needs every test.

Course of the condition

Cell type, tumour size, stage and general health guide care. Some cancers are found early, while others have reached nearby tissues or distant sites. Recurrence remains possible, so tailored follow-up is needed after treatment.

Care options

Depending on stage, options may include a limited procedure or more extensive surgery, radiotherapy with chemotherapy, or other medicines. Several approaches may be combined. Before care starts, discuss possible effects on fertility, ovarian function, menopause, sexual health, the bladder and bowel.

When to consult

Seek advice for any unusual vaginal bleeding, a persistent change in discharge, pain during sex or pelvic pain, even if screening is up to date. You may ask for a chaperone and can stop the examination at any time.

Urgent help

Seek immediate medical help for heavy bleeding, severe or worsening pelvic or abdominal pain, faintness, difficulty breathing or loss of consciousness. Fever with persistent vomiting or inability to keep fluids down also needs prompt assessment.

Questions for your doctor

  • What exactly does the biopsy show, and what is the stage?
  • What is the aim of the proposed treatment, and which alternatives fit my situation?
  • Can I discuss fertility preservation before treatment starts?
  • What effects on sexual health, menopause, bladder or bowel should I expect?
  • What follow-up is planned, and who should I contact about a new symptom?

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A procedure linked to a condition does not establish an indication for your individual situation.

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